The emergence of influenza A virus (IAV) (H5N1) in dairy cows, first reported in March 2024, was unprecedented. Because dairy cows were not considered a typical host for IAV, initial identification was delayed after reports of nonspecific illness in lactating cattle in Texas, USA.

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious, gram-negative bacterium that causes tularemia and may be transmitted through several pathways, including bites from infected ticks (primarily Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis in the northeastern United States), deer flies (Chrysops species), contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and inhalation of infectious aerosols (1).

Diseases caused by henipaviruses, exemplified by Hendra virus and Nipah virus, pose a serious risk to public health because of their epidemic potential and high case-fatality rates and the paucity of medical countermeasures to mitigate them.

Diseases caused by henipaviruses, exemplified by Hendra virus and Nipah virus, pose a serious risk to public health because of their epidemic potential and high case-fatality rates and the paucity of medical countermeasures to mitigate them.

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the host range of IDV. Natural infections have been confirmed through the detection of virus genomic RNA, virus isolation, or the presence of IDV antibodies in domestic.